12/7/2023 0 Comments Taurine amino acid anxietyIn the present study, the possibility of nasal delivery of taurine to the CNS has been tested. It could allow for taurine to bypass the blood brain barrier, and thereby taurine could enter CNS via other routes such as trigeminal nerve and intercellular cleft in the olfactory epithelium ( Kozlovskaya et al., 2014 Lochhead and Thorne, 2015). Intranasal delivery of peptides has been employed for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases ( Meredith et al., 2015). Numerous studies have been reported dealing with the delivery of neuropeptides and proteins to the brain via nasal route ( Kamei and Takeda-Morishita, 2015). Recently, intranasal administration methods have been used as an alternative route for the efficient delivery of bioactive molecules into the brain. However, the use of taurine for the brain is extremely difficult due to its poor penetration rate into the brain: taurine has a strong hydrophilicity and has sulfonic acid instead of carboxylic acid which makes it very hard to penetrate the blood brain barrier ( Chung et al., 2012). Considering that taurine is an agonist of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors present in the rat striatum ( Sergeeva and Haas, 2001), there is a good possibility that taurine could interact with the glycine receptor in vivo. Thus, it will be necessary to develop new drugs with fewer side effects for the safety of patients. Taurine has been found to have potential anxiolytic effects in animal models ( Chen et al., 2004 Kong et al., 2006) and zebrafish models ( Rosemberg et al., 2012 Fontana et al., 2016, 2019 Mezzomoa et al., 2016) however, its exact mechanism of action remains to be fully characterized.īenzodiazepines have long been used for the treatment of anxiety however, various unwanted side effects have been reported such as memory impairment, addiction problem, and muscle relaxation. The physiological importance of taurine was further supported by the study with taurine deficiency: generation of epilepsy is associated with taurine deficiency ( Birdsall, 1998). Furthermore, taurine plays important roles in regulating the structural stability of cell membrane as well as depolarization-associated calcium channel activity ( Kuriyama, 1980 Lin et al., 1983 Moran et al., 1988 Sturman, 1993). There is an interesting proposal that taurine and its derivative glutaurine could work as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. ![]() ![]() Strikingly, taurine is present in the brain in a large amount and it exerts many important neuronal functions such as anticonvulsant, regulation of neuronal excitability, learning and memory formation, anti-aggressiveness, enhancing CNS development and anti-alcoholic effect ( Huxtable, 1992). Taurine is biosynthesized from cysteine and methionine mostly in the liver and synthesized taurine is transported to other organs through the taurine transporter ( Huxtable and Barbeau, 1976 Huxtable, 1986). ![]() Though taurine is present in the body, its supply from diet is necessary due to the relatively low activity of the enzyme cysteinsulfinic acid decarboxylase that is the major regulator of taurine biosynthesis. It has unique structural features such as the presence of sulfonic group and its β-form configuration ( Zhang and Kim, 2007). Taurine, 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid, is classified as a β-amino acid. Keywords: Anti-anxiety, Taurine, Elevated plus maze test, Activity cage test, Strychnine, Glycine receptor Taurine’s anti-anxiety action may be mediated by the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor as evidenced by the inhibition of strychnine-induced convulsion. These results support the hypothesis that taurine can be transported to the brain through intranasal route, thereby inducing anti-anxiety activity. In addition, vertical and horizontal activities of mice treated with taurine via intranasal route were considerably diminished. A significant increase in the time spent in the open arms was observed when taurine was administered through the nasal route in the elevated plus maze test. For the characterization of potential mechanism of taurine’s anti-anxiety action, mouse convulsion tests with strychnine, picrotoxin, yohimbine, and isoniazid were employed. Following intranasal administration of taurine in mice, elevated plus maze test, activity cage test and rota rod test were carried out to verify taurine’s effect on anxiety. We explored to test whether taurine could be transported to the central nervous system through the intranasal route. Taurine has a number of beneficial pharmacological actions in the brain such as anxiolytic and neuroprotective actions.
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